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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also suffer from comorbid conditions such as major depression Kessler and colleagues 2006 Many sufferers do not respond to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are commonly prescribed Medications A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used in adults The dosages and side effects can be different The doctor will examine the medical history the family health history and other conditions of an individual to determine which drug is best The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine commonly known as Adderall increase the amount of these neurotransmitters They aid in improving focus and reducing aggression and impulsivity They come in various forms such as chewable tablets liquids and skin patches These longacting stimulants are preferred due to their improved patient compliance and more consistent longlasting improvement in symptoms It is crucial to keep in mind that comorbidities like depression and anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication It is therefore recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first with medication used as secondary measure The medications that can be utilized to treat comorbid disorders of mood are atomoxetine Bupropion tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion Wilens 2004 Some patients may exhibit a rebound effect where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication In these instances a brief trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication can be beneficial Some people are unable take stimulant medications or take it because of addiction to drugs or other health conditions such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe In these instances nonstimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine are effective These drugs do not have the same high rates of adverse effects as stimulants and carry a less risk of abuse and diversion Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy talk therapy It can help those with ADHD to improve their lives manage stress and anxiety resolve conflicts or deal with issues in their relationships or at work It can also help people with mental disorders that coexist like addiction and depression disorders Talk therapies include cognitivebehavioral therapy CBT and mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy as well as schema therapy These treatments are based on the notion that a persons beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave think and feel CBT assists individuals in identifying negative behaviors and thought patterns and then devise and implement strategies to change these Meditation techniques are used in mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy to help a person concentrate on their thoughts and emotions as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning Schema therapy along with other forms psychotherapy that focus on a persons family history may be helpful for those suffering from ADHD In addition to medication psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific issues that arise from ADHD like difficulty getting through schoolwork resolving conflicts and being able to get along with others ignoring important dates or responsibilities and making impulsive choices that lead to financial or legal troubles It can also assist individuals to address and overcome underlying issues that cause ADHD symptoms such as depression or anxiety Psychotherapy can help people discover healthy strategies for coping and decrease stress For example exercise sleep improvement and healthy eating habits It can also provide support to a family member or spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD affects their relationship Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on transforming the patterns of negative thinking of the client It involves a skillbased dialog with a mental health professional to identify the root reason for the symptoms The goal of this treatment is to overcome impairments and implement coping strategies that align with the daily routine of the client Therapists who specialize in adult ADHDCBT teach clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts and help them learn to replace them with more productive thoughts The process can be long It is a viable option for those who cannot get enough relief from their medication In a recent RCT it was found that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior over cognitive behavior therapy by itself in terms of improving the core symptoms emotional symptom selfesteem and social performance in adults suffering from ADHD Clarke et al 2017 The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly beneficial for those suffering from more severe underlying problems The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically collaborate with the client to create an action plan that is specific to solving their issues They will teach them a set of practical skills that are simple to master and have a high chance of success Often a chart system is used to track progress and reward positive behavior For children this could include a daily report that lists all the school tasks or positive behaviors they must perform and an approach to tracking and earning rewards Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences could be imposed if a child isnt able to finish their work This can be done with sensitivity and encouragement Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative type of psychotherapy that assists people change their mindset This kind of therapy can be beneficial for those who suffer from a range of mental health issues like depression Its a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people to identify their negative thinking patterns and how they affect their emotions This type of therapy can assist them in acquiring psychological tools that are able and effective The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning among adults with ADHD To this end we compared the self and informantrated impairments in daily functioning to indicators of metacognition comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition debugging information management and evaluation It was discovered that the comprehensive knowledge of people was linked to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however the regulatory processes were not The predictors of metacognition had moderate predictive power which suggests that they could explain an important amount of variation in the daily functioning of people with ADHD Metacognitive therapy MCT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs that perpetuate states of anxiety rumination and attention fixation MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety but its still relatively in its infancy and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness in other disorders This study was created for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder However it could be used to treat various disorders and may be more effective than other treatment This isnt a cure but can be used to treat ADHD Family Therapy In family therapy the Therapist works with the entire family This helps all family members be aware of the issues facing the client and to learn how they can support their loved ones better It also assists them in finding ways to deal with their own anxieties and improve their communication skills Additionally this type of therapy is helpful for addressing comorbidities such as depression and alcohol abuse which are commonly found in conjunction with ADHD The therapist will begin with an intake session to gain a better understanding of the familys perception and determine whether they are suitable for family intervention This can be done in person or via the internet The Therapist will explain to each participant the nature of treatment and the rules and regulations for family therapy A therapist with experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of the clients present symptoms their past and their impacts on their work family life and relationships They will also inquire whether there are other mental health issues that are present like anxiety or depression treating adult adhd is a structured type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and change negative thinking patterns into positive ones It focuses on improving selfesteem and selfcontrol through teaching techniques to cope with anxiety and stress This is a shortterm option that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy Individual therapy can help those with ADHD deal with emotional trauma from a longrunning pattern of underachievement and failure academic issues as well as frequent job changes and conflict in relationships It can help you develop coping and stress reduction techniques and teach you how to manage your time and finances more efficiently It can also be used to tackle other comorbid conditions like anxiety and mood disorders that are often associated with ADHD