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프라그마틱 순위 on experience and context It may lack an explicit set of fundamental principles or a coherent ethical framework This could result in a loss of idealistic aspirations and transformative change Contrary to deflationary theories pragmatic theories do not reject the idea that statements are correlated to realworld situations They simply clarify the role that truth plays in practical endeavors Definition The word pragmatic is used to describe things or people that are practical rational and sensible It is often contrasted with idealistic which refers to an individual or idea that is based on ideals or high principles A person who is pragmatic looks at the real world situations and circumstances when making decisions and is focused on what can be realistically accomplished rather than trying to find the most effective possible outcome Pragmatism a new philosophical movement stresses the importance that practical implications are crucial in determining the meaning truth or value It is a third alternative in contrast to the dominant analytical and continental traditions It was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce William James and Josiah Royce pragmatism developed into two opposing streams of thought one inclining towards relativism while the other toward realism One of the most important problems in pragmatism is the nature of truth Many pragmatists agree that truth is a valuable concept however they disagree on how to define it or how it works in the real world One approach that is influenced by Peirce and James focuses on the ways people deal with questions and make assertions It prioritizes the speechact and justification processes of languageusers in determining whether truth is a fact One of the approaches influenced by Rortys followers concentrates more on the mundane functions of truth like its ability to generalize commend and avert danger and is less focused on a complicated theory of truth This neopragmatic view of the truth has two flaws It firstly it flings with relativism Truth is a concept with an extensive and longstanding tradition that its unlikely that its meaning can be reduced to a few commonplace use as pragmatists would do Furthermore pragmatism seems reject the existence of truth in its metaphysical sense This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who has an obligation to Peirce and James are mostly silent on questions of metaphysics in Deweys vast writings whereas his works have just one reference to the issue of truth Purpose The goal of pragmatism is to provide a different perspective to the Continental and analytic traditions of philosophy Charles Sanders Peirce William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce 18601916 were the first to initiate its first generation These pragmatists from the classical period focused on the theory of inquiry about meaning meaning and the nature of truth Their influence was felt by many influential American thinkers including John Dewey 18591952 who applied their ideas to education and other aspects of social improvement as well as Jane Addams 18601935 who established social work More recently a new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space to discuss Many of these neopragmatists are not traditional pragmatists but they are part of the same tradition Robert Brandom is their main persona He focuses his work on semantics and philosophy of language but draws inspiration from the philosophy of Peirce James and others One of the major differences between the classic pragmatists and the neopragmatists is their understanding of what it means for an idea to be true The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called truthfunctionality which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice Neopragmatists concentrate on the notion of ideal justified assertibility which says that an idea is true if it can be justified to a particular audience in a certain manner This viewpoint is not without its problems A common criticism is that it can be used to support all sorts of silly and absurd ideas The gremlin hypothesis is an example Its a useful idea that works in practice but is unsubstantiated and likely nonsense This isnt a huge issue but it reveals one of the major weaknesses of pragmatism it can be used as a justification for nearly everything Significance When making a decision it is important to be pragmatic by taking into consideration the actual world and its surroundings It can also be used to describe a philosophical position that emphasizes the practical implications when determining meaning values truth or William James 18421910 first used the term pragmatism to describe this view in a speech at the University of California Berkeley James swore he coined the term along with his mentor and friend Charles Sanders Peirce but the pragmatist view soon earned its own name The pragmatists rejected the stark dichotomies that are inherent in analytic philosophy such as fact and value thought and experience mind and body synthetic and analytic and the list goes on They also rejected the notion of truth as something fixed or objective instead describing it as a continuously evolving sociallydetermined notion Classical pragmatists were focused on theorizing inquiry meaning and the nature of truth but James put these ideas to work by exploring the truth of religion John Dewey 18591952 was a major influence on a second generation of pragmatists who applied the method to education politics and other aspects of social improvement The neopragmatists of recent years have attempted to put pragmatism into the larger Western philosophical context and have traced the affinities of Peirces ideas with Kant and other 19th century idealists as well as with the emergence of the science of evolutionary theory They have also sought to understand the role of truth in a traditional epistemology that is a posteriori and to develop a pragmatic metaphilosophy that includes a view of meaning language and the nature of knowledge However the fact that pragmatism is still evolving and the a posteriori approach that it came up with is an important departure from conventional approaches The pragmatic theory has been criticized for a long time but in recent times it has been receiving more attention They include the notion that pragmatism collapses when applied to moral questions and that its claim that what works is little more than relativism albeit with an unpolished appearance Methods Peirces epistemological strategy included a pragmatic elucidation He viewed it as a way to undermine metaphysical concepts that were false such as the Catholic conception of transubstantiation Cartesian epistemology that relies on certaintyseeking strategies and Kants notion of a thing in itself Simson 2010 The Pragmatic Maxim according to many modern pragmatists is the most reliable thing one can expect from a theory about truth As such they tend to avoid deflationist claims of truth that require verification in order to be valid Instead they advocate a different method which they refer to as pragmatic explanation This is the process of explaining the way in which a concept is utilized in practice and identifying the criteria that must be met to recognize that concept as truthful It should be noted that this approach may still be seen as a form of relativism and is often criticised for doing so It is less extreme than deflationist options and can be a useful way to get around some of relativist theories of realitys problems In the end various liberatory philosophical projects such as those associated with ecological feminism Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy are currently looking at the pragmatist tradition for guidance Furthermore many philosophers who are analytic such as Quine have taken on pragmatism with the kind of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not muster It is crucial to realize that pragmatism though rich in historical context has some serious shortcomings Particularly pragmatism fails to provide any meaningful test of truth and it is a failure when applied to moral questions Quine Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticized the philosophy Yet it has been reclaimed from obscurity by a wide variety of philosophers including Richard Rorty Cornel West and Robert Brandom These philosophers while not being classical pragmatists themselves are influenced by the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein Their works are worth reading for those interested in this philosophical movement