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The Berkeley Evolution Site The Berkeley site has resources that can help students and teachers to understand and teach about evolution The materials are arranged in various learning paths that can be used in a variety of ways such as What does T rex look like 에볼루션 바카라 체험 on natural selection explains how creatures who are better equipped to adapt biologically to a changing environment survive over time and those that dont end up becoming extinct Science is about the process of biological evolution What is Evolution The term evolution has a variety of nonscientific meanings such as progress or descent with modification It is a scientific term that is used to describe the process of change of characteristics over time in organisms or species The reason for this change is biological terms on natural selection and drift Evolution is the central tenet of modern biology It is a concept that has been tested and verified by thousands of scientific tests In contrast to other theories in science like the Copernican theory or the germ theory of disease the evolution theory does not address issues of spiritual belief or Gods existence Early evolutionists like JeanBaptiste Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin Charless grandfather believed that certain physical characteristics were predetermined to change in a steplike manner as time passes This was known as the Ladder of Nature or scala Naturae Charles Lyell first used this term in 1833 in his Principles of Geology Darwin revealed his theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species written in the early 1800s It states that all species of organisms have common ancestors that can be traced through fossils and other evidence This is the modern view of evolution which is supported by many research lines in science which includes molecular genetics Scientists dont know how organisms evolved but they are confident that natural selection and genetic drift is responsible for the development of life People with advantages are more likely than others to live and reproduce They then pass their genes to the next generation In time this leads to an accumulation of changes in the gene pool which gradually create new species and forms Some scientists also use the termevolution to refer to largescale evolutionary changes such as the formation of the new species from an ancestral species Other scientists like population geneticists define the term evolution more broadly by referring to an overall change in the frequency of alleles across generations Both definitions are correct and acceptable however some scientists argue that allelefrequency definitions omit important features of evolution Origins of Life The development of life is a key stage in evolution The emergence of life occurs when living systems begin to develop at a microscopic level like within cells The origins of life are an important issue in many disciplines including biology and the field of chemistry The origin of life is an area of great interest in science because it challenges the theory of evolution It is sometimes referred to the mystery of life or abiogenesis Traditionally the belief that life can arise from nonliving things is known as spontaneous generation or spontaneous evolution This was a popular view before Louis Pasteurs experiments proved that it was impossible for the creation of life to occur by a purely natural process Many scientists believe that it is possible to go from nonliving substances to life However the conditions that are required are extremely difficult to reproduce in labs This is why researchers studying the beginnings of life are also interested in understanding the physical properties of the early Earth and other planets Furthermore the growth of life is the sequence of extremely complex chemical reactions that cannot be predicted based on basic physical laws on their own These include the transformation of long informationrich molecules DNA or RNA into proteins that carry out some function and the replication of these complex molecules to create new DNA or sequences of RNA These chemical reactions can be compared with the chickenandegg problem the emergence and development of DNARNA the proteinbased cell machinery is essential for the beginning of life But without life the chemistry required to enable it is working Abiogenesis research requires collaboration between scientists from different fields This includes prebiotic scientists astrobiologists and planetary scientists Evolutionary Changes The term evolution is commonly used to describe the accumulated changes in the genetic characteristics of populations over time These changes can result from the response to environmental pressures as described in the entry on Darwinism see the entry on Charles Darwin for background or may result from natural selection The latter is a mechanism that increases the frequency of genes that confer an advantage in survival over other species resulting in an ongoing change in the overall appearance of a particular population These evolutionary changes are caused by mutations reshuffling genes in the process of sexual reproduction and also by gene flow Natural selection is the process that allows beneficial mutations to become more common All organisms undergo mutations and reshuffles of their genes As noted above individuals who possess the desirable characteristic have a higher reproduction rate than those that do not Over the course of many generations this difference in the numbers of offspring born could result in gradual changes in the average number of beneficial traits within a group of This can be seen in the evolution of various beak shapes on finches from the Galapagos Islands They have developed these beaks in order they can get food more quickly in their new home These changes in shape and form can also help create new organisms Most of the changes that occur are caused by one mutation however sometimes several changes occur at the same time The majority of these changes could be harmful or neutral however a few could have a positive impact on the survival of the species and reproduce increasing their frequency over time Natural selection is a mechanism that could result in the accumulation of changes over time that lead to a new species Some people mistakenly associate evolution with the concept of soft inheritance which is the notion that traits inherited from parents can be altered by conscious choice or abuse This is a misinterpretation of the biological processes that lead to the process of evolution It is more accurate to say that evolution is a twostep independent process that is influenced by the forces of natural selection and mutation Origins of Humans Humans today Homo sapiens evolved from primates a group of mammals that includes chimpanzees and gorillas and bonobos The earliest human fossils prove that our ancestors were bipeds walking on two legs Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to the chimpanzees In reality we are the closest with chimpanzees in the Pan genus that includes pygmy and pygmy chimpanzees and bonobos The last common ancestor shared between modern humans and chimpanzees dated 8 to 6 million years old As time has passed humans have developed a range of traits including bipedalism and the use of fire They also developed advanced tools Its only within the last 100000 years that we have developed the majority of our key traits They include language a large brain the capacity to construct and use complex tools as well as cultural diversity Evolution occurs when genetic changes allow members of a population to better adapt to their surroundings This adaptation is triggered by natural selection a process that determines certain traits are favored over others The ones who are better adapted are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation This is how all species evolve and the basis of the theory of evolution sell call it the law of Natural Selection The law states that species which share an ancestor will tend to develop similar traits over time It is because these traits help them to live and reproduce in their environment All organisms have a DNA molecule which contains the information needed to control their growth and development The DNA structure is composed of base pair that are arranged in a spiral around phosphate and sugar molecules The sequence of bases within each string determines the phenotype or the distinctive appearance and behavior of an individual A variety of changes and reshuffling of genetic material known as alleles during sexual reproduction cause variation in a population Fossils from the earliest human species Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been found in Africa Asia and Europe Although there are some differences they all support the idea that modern humans first came into existence in Africa Genetic and fossil evidence also suggest that early humans came from Africa into Asia and then Europe