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프라그마틱 슬롯버프 is a philosophy that emphasizes experience and context It may not have an enlightened ethical framework or foundational principles This can lead to a loss of idealistic aspirations and a shift in direction In contrast to deflationary theories about truth the pragmatic theories of truth do not deny the notion that statements correlate to current events They simply elucidate the roles that truth plays in everyday endeavors Definition The word pragmatic is used to describe things or people that are practical rational and sensible It is often contrasted with idealistic which is an idea that is based on ideals or principles of high quality A pragmatic person looks at the actual world situations and circumstances when making decisions focusing on what is realistically accomplished rather than seeking to determine the most optimal practical course of action Pragmatism a brand new philosophical movement emphasizes the importance that practical implications determine what is true meaning or value It is a third alternative in contrast to the dominant analytical and continental traditions It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce William James and Josiah Royce pragmatism developed into two opposing streams of thought one that tended towards relativism the other towards the idea of realism The nature of truth is a major issue in the philosophy of pragmatism While many pragmatists agree truth is a crucial concept they differ on what it means and how it operates in the real world One method inspired by Peirce and James focuses on the ways in which people deal with issues and make assertions It also prioritizes the speechact and justification projects of languageusers when determining whether something is true One of the approaches influenced by Rortys followers focuses more on the mundane functions of truth such as its ability to generalize commend and avert danger and is less focused on a complicated theory of truth This neopragmatic approach to the truth has two flaws It firstly it flings with relativism Truth is a concept with such a rich and long tradition that its unlikely its meaning could be reduced to a few commonplace applications as pragmatists do Second pragmatism appears to dismiss the existence of truth in its metaphysical sense This is evident by the fact that pragmatists like Brandom who owes much to Peirce James are largely silent about metaphysics while Dewey has made only one mention of truth in his many writings Purpose The goal of pragmatism is to offer an alternative to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy Charles Sanders Peirce William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce 18601916 were the first to introduce its first generation These classical pragmatists emphasized the importance of inquiry and meaning and the nature of truth Their influence grew to many influential American thinkers including John Dewey 18601952 who applied their ideas to education as well as social improvement in various dimensions Jane Addams 18601935 who founded social work also gained from this influence In recent years the new generation of philosophers have given pragmatism a wider platform for discussion Although they differ from the classical pragmatists many of the neopragmatists claim to be part of the same tradition 프라그마틱 체험 is Robert Brandom whose work focuses on semantics and the philosophy of language but also draws upon the philosophy of Peirce and James One of the main distinctions between the classical pragmatists and neopragmatists is their understanding of what it means for an idea to be true The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called truthfunctionality which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice Neopragmatists on the other hand focus on the idea of ideal warranted assertibility which says that an idea is true if a claim about it is justified in a specific manner to a specific group of people There are however some issues with this perspective The most frequent criticism is that it could be used to justify all kinds of absurd and illogical ideas A simple example is the gremlin hypothesis it is a useful idea it works in practice but its completely unsubstantiated and likely to be untrue This isnt a huge issue but it does highlight one of the main flaws of pragmatism that it can be used to justify nearly anything and this includes many absurd ideas Significance Pragmatic is a term that refers to practical and relates to the consideration of actual situations and conditions when making decisions It is also used to refer to a philosophy that focuses on the practical consequences when determining meaning truth or values The termpragmatism was first used to describe this viewpoint about a century ago when William James 18421910 pressed it into practice in a speech at the University of California Berkeley James was adamant that the word had been coined by his colleague and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce 18391914 but the pragmatist outlook quickly earned a name of its own The pragmatists opposed the sharp dichotomies in analytic philosophy like mind and body thought and experience and analytic and synthesthetic They also rejected the idea that truth was something that was fixed or objective instead treating it like a constantlyevolving socially determined concept Classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry meaning and the nature of truth but James put these themes to work by exploring the truth of religion John Dewey 18591952 was an important influence on a second generation of pragmatists who applied this approach to politics education and other aspects of social improvement In recent years the neopragmatists have attempted to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical framework They have analyzed the connections between Peirces ideas and those of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the emergence of the science of evolution theory They also have sought to clarify the role of truth in a traditional epistemology that is a posteriori and to formulate a metaphilosophy that is pragmatic and includes a view of meaning language and the nature of knowledge However pragmatism continues to evolve and the a posteriori model that it has developed is a significant departure from traditional methods The pragmatic theory has been criticised for centuries however in recent years it has received more attention Some of them include the notion that pragmatism is ineffective when applied to moral issues and that its claim what works is nothing more than relativism that has an unpolished appearance Methods Peirces epistemological approach included a pragmatic elucidation He saw it as an opportunity to discredit false metaphysical concepts like the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation and Cartesian certainty searching strategies in epistemology For many contemporary pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from an understanding of truth In this sense they tend to avoid deflationist accounts of truth that need to be verified in order to be valid They advocate an alternative approach they refer to as pragmatic explanation This involves describing how a concept is applied in real life and identifying the conditions that must be met to confirm it as true It is important to note that this approach may still be viewed as a type of relativism and is often criticised for it However it is more moderate than the deflationist alternatives and is thus a useful way to get around some of the issues with relativism theories of truth This has led to various philosophical ideas that are liberatory like those relating to ecological feminism Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy currently look at the pragmatist tradition for direction Quine for instance is an analytical philosopher who has taken on the philosophy of pragmatism in a manner that Dewey could not While pragmatism is a rich legacy it is important to note that there are significant flaws in the philosophy Particularly pragmatism fails to provide any valid test of truth and it collapses when it comes to moral questions Some of the most prominent pragmatists including Quine and Wilfrid Sellars also criticized the philosophy Yet it has been brought back from the ashes by a broad range of philosophers such as Richard Rorty Cornel West and Robert Brandom While these philosophers are not traditional pragmatists they have a lot in common with the pragmatism philosophy and draw on the work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein in their writings Their writings are worth reading for those who are interested in this philosophy movement