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Evolution Explained The most fundamental notion is that all living things alter as they age These changes can help the organism to survive and reproduce or better adapt to its environment Scientists have utilized genetics a brand new science to explain how evolution happens They also have used physics to calculate the amount of energy needed to create these changes Natural Selection To allow evolution to occur organisms must be able reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation Natural selection is sometimes referred to as survival for the strongest However the phrase is often misleading since it implies that only the fastest or strongest organisms will survive and reproduce The most welladapted organisms are ones that are able to adapt to the environment they live in Moreover environmental conditions are constantly changing and if a population is no longer well adapted it will be unable to survive causing them to shrink or even extinct Natural selection is the most fundamental element in the process of evolution It occurs when beneficial traits are more prevalent as time passes which leads to the development of new species This process is triggered by heritable genetic variations in organisms which are a result of mutation and sexual reproduction Any force in the world that favors or defavors particular characteristics could act as an agent that is selective These forces can be biological like predators or physical for instance temperature Over time populations that are exposed to different agents of selection can change so that they do not breed together and are considered to be distinct species While the concept of natural selection is simple however its difficult to comprehend at times Even among educators and scientists there are many misconceptions about the process Surveys have revealed an unsubstantial correlation between students understanding of evolution and their acceptance of the theory For example Brandons focused definition of selection refers only to differential reproduction and does not encompass replication or inheritance However a number of authors including Havstad 2011 and Havstad 2011 have suggested that a broad notion of selection that captures the entire process of Darwins process is sufficient to explain both speciation and adaptation In addition there are a lot of instances in which the presence of a trait increases in a population but does not increase the rate at which individuals who have the trait reproduce 무료 에볼루션 may not be classified as natural selection in the strict sense but they could still be in line with Lewontins requirements for a mechanism to operate such as when parents who have a certain trait produce more offspring than parents who do not have it Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the difference in the sequences of genes of members of a particular species It is the variation that allows natural selection which is one of the primary forces that drive evolution Mutations or the normal process of DNA restructuring during cell division may cause variations Different gene variants could result in different traits such as the color of eyes fur type eye colour or the ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions If a trait is advantageous it is more likely to be passed on to future generations This is known as an advantage that is selective A special kind of heritable variation is phenotypic plasticity which allows individuals to change their appearance and behavior in response to the environment or stress These changes can help them survive in a new habitat or take advantage of an opportunity for instance by increasing the length of their fur to protect against the cold or changing color to blend with a particular surface These phenotypic changes do not alter the genotype and therefore cannot be thought of as influencing the evolution Heritable variation is crucial to evolution as it allows adapting to changing environments It also enables natural selection to operate by making it more likely that individuals will be replaced in a population by individuals with characteristics that are suitable for the environment in which they live In some cases however the rate of gene transmission to the next generation might not be sufficient for natural evolution to keep pace with Many harmful traits including genetic diseases remain in populations despite being damaging This is partly because of a phenomenon called reduced penetrance which implies that some people with the diseaseassociated gene variant do not exhibit any symptoms or signs of the condition Other causes include interactions between genes and the environment and nongenetic influences such as diet lifestyle and exposure to chemicals In order to understand the reason why some negative traits arent eliminated by natural selection it is necessary to have an understanding of how genetic variation affects evolution Recent studies have demonstrated that genomewide associations that focus on common variations do not reflect the full picture of susceptibility to disease and that rare variants explain an important portion of heritability Additional sequencingbased studies are needed to catalogue rare variants across worldwide populations and determine their effects on health including the impact of interactions between genes and environments Environmental Changes The environment can affect species by changing their conditions The famous tale of the peppered moths illustrates this concept the moths with white bodies prevalent in urban areas where coal smoke smudges tree bark were easily snatched by predators while their darkerbodied counterparts prospered under these new conditions However the opposite is also trueenvironmental change may influence species ability to adapt to the changes they face Human activities are causing environmental change at a global scale and the impacts of these changes are largely irreversible These changes affect global biodiversity and ecosystem functions In addition they pose serious health hazards to humanity especially in lowincome countries because of pollution of water air soil and food As an example the increasing use of coal by countries in the developing world such as India contributes to climate change and increases levels of pollution in the air which can threaten human life expectancy The worlds finite natural resources are being used up in a growing rate by the human population This increases the likelihood that many people will be suffering from nutritional deficiency and lack access to safe drinking water The impact of humandriven environmental changes on evolutionary outcomes is complex microevolutionary responses to these changes likely to reshape the fitness environment of an organism These changes may also alter the relationship between a particular trait and its environment Nomoto et and showed for example that environmental factors like climate and competition can alter the phenotype of a plant and shift its selection away from its historic optimal match It is therefore important to understand how these changes are influencing the current microevolutionary processes and how this information can be used to determine the future of natural populations during the Anthropocene timeframe This is vital since the environmental changes being initiated by humans have direct implications for conservation efforts as well as for our individual health and survival As such it is essential to continue research on the interaction between humandriven environmental changes and evolutionary processes at a global scale The Big Bang There are a variety of theories regarding the creation and expansion of the Universe However none of them is as wellknown and accepted as the Big Bang theory which has become a commonplace in the science classroom The theory is the basis for many observed phenomena such as the abundance of light elements the cosmic microwave back ground radiation and the massive scale structure of the Universe The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of the way in which the universe was created 138 billions years ago as a huge and extremely hot cauldron Since then it has expanded This expansion has shaped everything that exists today including the Earth and all its inhabitants This theory is backed by a myriad of evidence This includes the fact that we view the universe as flat and a flat surface the thermal and kinetic energy of its particles the variations in temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation as well as the relative abundances and densities of lighter and heavier elements in the Universe Additionally the Big Bang theory also fits well with the data gathered by telescopes and astronomical observatories and particle accelerators as well as highenergy states In the early 20th century scientists held a minority view on the Big Bang Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949 But following World War II observational data began to emerge that tipped the scales in favor of the Big Bang Arno Pennzias Robert Wilson and others discovered the cosmic background radiation in 1964 This omnidirectional microwave signal is the result of timedependent expansion of the Universe The discovery of the ionized radiation with an observable spectrum that is consistent with a blackbody at about 2725 K was a major turning point for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in the direction of the competing Steady state model The Big Bang is an important component of The Big Bang Theory a popular TV show In the show Sheldon and Leonard employ this theory to explain various observations and phenomena including their study of how peanut butter and jelly get combined