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Evolution Korea South Koreas democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses Its still more stable than expected The country is searching for a new way of developing The Confucian culture which stresses respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships continues to be influential in the society There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods Then around 10000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans They also raised livestock and created furs They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula They also established a metallurgy industry producing bronze and later iron tools They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also art styles and a written language and paper making Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula The state adopted Chinese culture including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism In this time the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials came from the aristocracy of the land while the rest of its population were peasants The state collected taxes from these citizens and often required them to join the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications By the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula and was at war with Chinas commandos and Goguryeos in the area Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the malecentric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and respected by their children and grandchildren Goryeo a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text Additionally movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or History of the Three Kingdoms was recorded for the first time The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stone with precious objects like amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead Megalithic structures referred to as dolmens and constructed of large stones in a single piece are prevalent throughout the country Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE After that the peninsula was ruled by several states during the Three Kingdoms period 57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE including Baekje Goguryeo Baekje and Silla In addition the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom which many historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state After the Three Kingdoms several smaller states emerged in the ProtoThree Kingdoms period or Several States Period yeolgugsidae Evolution KR was the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo 676 CE and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for a short period of time The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territorial holdings In the end Silla with significant Chinese aid conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE As Korea enters the postcrisis era its development model is in flux Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets On the other hand champions of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears about job losses Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Koreas development is influenced by these two trends This article focuses on the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include democratic democracies that are not liberal 194560 democratic autoritarianism 196172 authoritarian exceptionalism 19721877 democratic paternalism 20012002 and participatory democracy 2002 This article also identifies key factors that are driving these developments Creationism in Korea In South Korea 26 of the population is Christian Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this segment A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution Of the respondents 41 stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39 claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17 said it was difficult to comprehend This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life In the past the antievolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on educating students and bringing Christ to them In 1980 the year 1980 a fourday creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade Drs Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers This event attracted a large number of professors church leaders and scientists The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980 The event was widely covered in the national press including The Korea Times Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION where it reported on its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul Students at KAIST in Seoul were fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus In addition to its public activities KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff It has also created branches in local offices that give seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups Evolution in South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life The traditional hanbok or Korean dress gave way to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz At this time the samulnori or masked dancedramas were loved by the public These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments The economic crisis has shaped Koreas new paradigm of development The main challenge for the new regime is to find the right balance between stateled economic policies and marketoriented ones It also involves changing incentives monitoring or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4 Baekje founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China Baekje an important regional power in the 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanamdo south The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital He controlled a part of the presentday Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong Later he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo The rule of his was however shortlived Wang Geon a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo Baekje and Silla Later he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor Additionally Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period From that point on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty In the Three Kingdoms Period Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria