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https://telegra.ph/The-10-Most-Scariest-Things-About-Evolution-Korea-12-22

The Academys Evolution Site Biological evolution is a central concept in biology The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science learn about the theory of evolution and how it is incorporated throughout all fields of scientific research This site provides teachers students and general readers with a variety of learning resources on evolution It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD Tree of Life The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of life It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures It can be used in many practical ways as well such as providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions The first attempts at depicting the biological world focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories which were identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1 These methods which depend on the sampling of different parts of organisms or short fragments of DNA have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2 These trees are mostly populated by eukaryotes and bacteria are largely underrepresented34 Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to visualize the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation Particularly molecular techniques enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene Despite the massive growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing a lot of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered This is especially relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only present in a single sample5 A recent analysis of all known genomes has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life including numerous bacteria and archaea that are not isolated and whose diversity is poorly understood6 The expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats need special protection This information can be utilized in a variety of ways including finding new drugs fighting diseases and improving the quality of crops 에볼루션사이트 is also extremely useful in conservation efforts It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are most likely to be home to cryptic species which could perform important metabolic functions and are susceptible to the effects of human activity While funding to protect biodiversity are essential the best method to protect the worlds biodiversity is to equip more people in developing nations with the necessary knowledge to take action locally and encourage conservation Phylogeny A phylogeny also known as an evolutionary tree depicts the relationships between different organisms Scientists can construct a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding evolution biodiversity and genetics A basic phylogenetic Tree see Figure PageIndex 10 Determines the relationship between organisms with similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor with common traits These shared traits may be homologous or analogous Homologous traits are the same in their evolutionary paths Analogous traits might appear similar however they do not have the same origins Scientists put similar traits into a grouping referred to as a clade For instance all the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs A phylogenetic tree can be built by connecting the clades to identify the organisms that are most closely related to one another For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to estimate the age of evolution of organisms and determine the number of organisms that have the same ancestor The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity This is a type behaviour that can change in response to particular environmental conditions This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than to another which can obscure the phylogenetic signal However this problem can be cured by the use of methods such as cladistics that incorporate a combination of homologous and analogous features into the tree Additionally phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed of speciation This information can help conservation biologists make decisions about which species to protect from extinction In the end its the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will result in an ecosystem that is balanced and complete Evolutionary Theory The central theme of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time based on their interactions with their environments Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir alDin alTusi 12011274 who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus 17071778 who developed modern hierarchical taxonomy and JeanBaptiste Lamarck 17441829 who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that could be passed onto offspring In the 1930s and 1940s ideas from a variety of fields including genetics natural selection and particulate inheritancecame together to form the current synthesis of evolutionary theory which defines how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population and how those variations change in time as a result of natural selection This model called genetic drift mutation gene flow and sexual selection is a key element of modern evolutionary biology and is mathematically described Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variations can be introduced to a species through mutations genetic drift reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations These processes as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion changes in the frequency of the genotype over time can lead to evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time and also the change in phenotype over time the expression of the genotype in the individual Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase students understanding of phylogeny and evolution A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence that supports evolution increased students understanding of evolution in a collegelevel biology course To learn more about how to teach about evolution please look up The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education Evolution in Action Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through studying fossils comparing species and observing living organisms But evolution isnt a thing that happened in the past Its an ongoing process happening right now Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics viruses reinvent themselves and are able to evade new medications and animals adapt their behavior to the changing environment The changes that occur are often visible It wasnt until late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be seen in action as well The key is that different characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction differential fitness and can be passed from one generation to the next In the past when one particular allelethe genetic sequence that defines color in a group of interbreeding organisms it could quickly become more common than all other alleles Over time that would mean that the number of black moths within a population could increase The same is true for many other characteristicsincluding morphology and behaviorthat vary among populations of organisms Observing evolutionary change in action is much easier when a species has a fast generation turnover such as bacteria Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E bacteria that descend from a single strain samples of each population are taken on a regular basis and over 500000 generations have been observed Lenskis research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the rate at which a population reproducesand so the rate at which it alters It also shows that evolution takes time something that is hard for some to accept Another example of microevolution is that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations where insecticides are used Pesticides create an exclusive pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes The speed at which evolution can take place has led to a growing appreciation of its importance in a world shaped by human activityincluding climate changes pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent the species from adapting Understanding evolution will help us make better choices about the future of our planet as well as the lives of its inhabitants