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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use Its a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that you must abide to your convictions What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each other It is typically thought of as a part of the language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey not what the meaning actually is As a research area pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades It is a linguistics academic field however it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology There are a myriad of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speakers knowledge of the listeners understanding The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject These views have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects including L2 pragmatic comprehension production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena like political discourse discriminatory language and interpersonal communication Pragmatics researchers have also used a variety of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used as shown in Figure 9AC The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research yet their positions differ based on the database This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics by their publications only It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics Bambini for instance has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure Grice Saul and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics What is Free Pragmatics 프라그마틱 환수율 of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar truth or It studies the ways that an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine which phrases are intended to be communicative It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known it isnt always clear how they should be drawn Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics while others insist that this particular problem should be considered pragmatic Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of linguistics Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of linguistics alongside phonology syntax semantics and more Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism For example some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isnt a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data regarding what is actually being said This sort of approach is called farside pragmatics Some scholars however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it examines how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use language This is referred to as nearside pragmatics The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics It examines the way human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time Some such as Gricean pragmatics concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker Others like Relevance Theory focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers Some practical approaches have been put with other disciplines such as cognitive science or philosophy There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics Some philosophers such as Morris believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics He asserts semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics They differentiate between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said while farside focuses on the logic implications of saying something They argue that a portion of the pragmatics that accompany the words spoken are already influenced by semantics while other pragmatics are defined by the processes of inference The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context such as ambiguity or indexicality The structure of the conversation the beliefs of the speaker and intentions as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturespecific This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is appropriate to say in different situations In some cultures its polite to keep eye contact In other cultures its rude There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field There are many different areas of research such as computational and formal pragmatics theoretical and experimental pragmatics cross and intercultural pragmatics of language as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through language use in context It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language In recent years the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics These areas are characterized by a variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between language discourse and meaning In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether its possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interface between pragmatics and semantics Some philosophers have claimed that it isnt eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they are the same It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning its semantics Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted differently is pragmatics Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truthconditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid This is sometimes referred to as farside pragmatics Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine the concepts of semantics and farside trying to understand the full range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speakers beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation For example Champollion et al The 2019 version is an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any and this is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so robust when compared to other plausible implications