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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words Its a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of what What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each and with each other It is typically thought of as a part of the language although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is As a field of study the field of pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades It is a linguisticsrelated academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speakers knowledge of the listeners understanding Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have studied The research in pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse discriminatory language and interpersonal communication 프라그마틱 studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural Figure 9AC shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database used The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research but their ranking varies by database This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics For instance Bambinis contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice Saul and Kasper What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth reference or grammar It focuses on the ways that an phrase can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which phrases have a message It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known it isnt always clear where they should be drawn For instance some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentences meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics along with syntax phonology semantics and more Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isnt a subject in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said This type of approach is called farside pragmatics Other scholars however have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors This is referred to as nearside pragmatics Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment These are crucial processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians Over the years a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed Some such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of a speaker Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines like philosophy and cognitive science There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different subjects He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics They differentiate between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics focuses on what is said while farside pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something They believe that a portion of the pragmatics of an expression are already influenced by semantics while other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality Other things that can change the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse speaker intentions and beliefs as well as the expectations of the listener A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations For example it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures There are various perspectives on pragmatics and a lot of research is being conducted in this field There are many different areas of study including pragmatics that are computational and formal theoretical and experimental pragmatism intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language in context It evaluates the way in which the speakers intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance instead of what is being said Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics syntax and the philosophy of language In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between discourse language and meaning In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether its possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics Some philosophers have argued that its not eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the identical It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics For example certain scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truthconditional meaning then it is semantics while other argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route They argue that the truthconditional interpretation for a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid This approach is often referred to as farside pragmatics Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side methods It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speakers utterance by modeling the way in which the speakers beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation For example Champollion et al The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures