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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context language and meaning It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words Its a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on how language users interact and communicate with each with one another It is often thought of as a component of language but it differs from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to communicate not on what the actual meaning is As a research field pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics however it also influences research in other fields like speechlanguage pathology psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline One is the Gricean pragmatics approach which focuses on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speakers knowledge of the listeners comprehension Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated The study of pragmatics has been focused on a variety of topics such as L2 pragmatic understanding production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used as shown in Figure 9AC The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research However their rank is dependent on the database This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines This makes it difficult to determine the top authors of pragmatics by their publications only It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics Bambini for example has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure Grice Saul and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage instead of focusing on reference grammar truth or It studies the ways in which an utterance can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether words have a meaning that is communicative It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a wellknown longestablished one there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics while others argue that this kind of problem should be considered pragmatic Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguisticsrelated branch or a part of the philosophy of language Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology syntax semantics etc Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages work The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism For instance some researchers have argued that pragmatics is not a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said This type of approach is referred to as farside pragmatics Some scholars however have argued that this study should be considered an academic discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and use of language This is known as nearside pragmatism The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in a sentence Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater depth Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the overall meaning of an expression What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language It examines how language is utilized in social interaction and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians Over the years many theories of pragmatism have been developed Some like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker Others like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines including cognitive science and philosophy There are also divergent opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics Certain philosophers such as Morris believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics They define nearside and farside pragmatics Near 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 is concerned with what is said whereas farside focuses on the logic implications of saying something They claim that some of the pragmatics in an utterance is already determined by semantics while the rest is defined by the processes of inference The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics This means that the same word can mean different things in different contexts depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality Discourse structure speaker beliefs and intentions and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific It is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations In some cultures its polite to keep eye contact In other cultures its rude There are various perspectives on pragmatics and a lot of research is being conducted in this field Some of the most important areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics theoretical and experimental pragmatics crosscultural and intercultural pragmatics as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by language in context It focuses less on the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is actually saying Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or philosophy of language In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics There is 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 of research that is conducted in these areas which address issues such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate systematic understanding of the semanticspragmatics interface Some philosophers have suggested that it isnt eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isnt welldefined and that they are the same thing The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the rubric of either semantics or pragmatics Some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth conditional meaning its semantics Others believe that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach arguing that the truthconditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid This method is often referred to as farside pragmatics Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speakers beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation For example Champollion et al 2019 combine an Gricean gametheoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen 2020 The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust in comparison to other possible implications