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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs awareness and capacity to make use of relational affordances as well as the learnerinternal aspects were crucial RIs from TS and ZL for example were able to cite their local professor relationship as a key factor in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor see examples 2 This article examines all local research on Korean published until 2020 It focuses on pragmatic fundamental topics like Discourse Construction Tests The Discourse Completion Test DCT is an instrument that is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles It has many advantages but also some disadvantages The DCT is one example It cannot account cultural and individual differences Furthermore the DCT is susceptible to bias and may result in overgeneralizations This is why it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in nonnative speakers Its ability in two or more stages to influence social variables that affect politeness could be a benefit This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communicating across cultural contexts a key issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most useful tools to analyze the communication habits of learners It can be used to study various issues including manner of speaking turntaking and lexical choices It can be used to determine phonological complexity in learners in their speech Recent research has used a DCT as tool to evaluate the skills of refusal among EFL students Participants were given an array of scenarios and asked to choose the appropriate response from the options offered The authors found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal including a questionnaire and video recordings The researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution They also suggested using other methods of data collection DCTs can be designed using specific linguistic criteria such as form and content These criterion are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test designers They may not be accurate and they may misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions This issue calls for further investigation into alternative methods of measuring refusal competence In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared to the responses from an oral DCT The results showed that the DCT was more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than the email data did Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews The participants were 46 CLKs of upper intermediate level who answered DCTs MQs and RIs They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs The results showed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism Their choices were influenced by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities their ongoing life experiences as well as their relationship affordances These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching First the MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants choices in terms of their pragmatics The data were categorized according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then the selections were matched with their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not Additionally the participants were asked to justify their choice of pragmatic behavior in a specific scenario The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and Ztests The CLKs were found employ euphemistic phrases such as sorry or thank you This is likely due to their lack of experience with the target languages which led to an inadequate knowledge of koreans pragmatic norms The results revealed that CLKs preference for converging to L1 norms or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware of their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation The RIs were conducted onetoone within two days after the participants completed the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed by two coders who were independent who then coded them Coding was an iterative process in which the coders discussed and read each transcript The coding results were then evaluated against the original RI transcripts which provided an indication of how the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behaviors Interviews for refusal The most important question in pragmatic research is why do some learners choose not to accept nativespeaker norms Recent research sought to answer this question with several experiments including DCTs MQs and RIs Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation The results showed that on average the CLKs rejected nativespeaker pragmatic norms in over 40 of their answers They did this despite the fact that they could create nativelike patterns They were also aware of their pragmatism They attributed their decisions to learnerinternal factors like their identities personalities multilingual identities and ongoing life histories They also spoke of external factors such as relational benefits They also discussed for instance how their relationships with their professors allowed them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and cultural standards of their university The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or penalties they might face when their social norms were violated They were worried that their native friends would think they are foreigners and believe that they are incompetent This was a concern similar to the concerns expressed by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These results suggest that nativespeaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency tests Future researchers should reconsider the validity of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural environments on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of L2 students Furthermore 프라그마틱 불법 will help educators develop more effective methodologies for teaching and testing the koreas pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul is a geopolitical risk consultancy Case Studies The case study method is a research strategy that utilizes deep participatory investigations to investigate a specific topic It is a method that makes use of numerous sources of data to support the findings including interviews or observations documents and artifacts This kind of research can be used to analyze complicated or unique issues that are difficult to other methods of measuring The first step in the case study is to define the subject and the goals of the study This will help determine what aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which are best left out It is also beneficial to review existing literature related to the topic to gain a better understanding of the subject and place the case study within a wider theoretical framework This case study was built on an opensource platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard 50 along with its benchmarks for Koreans HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar figure 1 below The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly dependent on the influence of native models They were more likely to choose incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations of prompts deviating from accurate pragmatic inference They also had a strong tendency of adding their own words or garbage to their responses This also lowered the quality of their answers Additionally the participants in this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK at the end of their third or second year of university and were hoping to achieve level 6 on their next attempt They were asked questions regarding their WTCSPCC their pragmatic awareness and understanding and understanding of the world Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations involving an interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making a demand The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities For instance TS claimed that she was hard to get close to and so she refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do this