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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context It addresses questions like What do people mean by the terms they use Its a way of thinking that focuses on sensible and practical actions It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles no matter what What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other It is often viewed as a part or language but it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user wants to convey not what the meaning is As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields such as speechlanguage pathology psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics and they have contributed to its growth and development One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speakers understanding of the listeners Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated The research in pragmatics has focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding request production by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database as illustrated in Figure 9AC The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research yet their ranking varies by database This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics For example Bambinis contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice Saul and Kasper What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language use rather than on reference grammar truth or It focuses on the ways in which an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things in different contexts including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized its not always clear where the lines should be drawn For instance some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of linguistics Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics alongside syntax phonology semantics etc Others however have suggested that the study of pragmatics is part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages work There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isnt an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said This sort of approach is called farside pragmatics Certain scholars have argued that this research should be considered an independent discipline because it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language This is called nearside pragmatics The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater depth Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment which are crucial pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the meaning of an utterance What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians Over the years a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed Some like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker Others like Relevance Theory focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines including cognitive science and philosophy There are also a variety of views about the line between pragmatics and semantics Certain philosophers such as Morris believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics He says that semantics deals with the relation of signs to objects that they could or may not denote whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics They distinguish between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics is concerned with what is said while farside is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase They claim that some of the pragmatics of an utterance is already determined by semantics while other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes of inference The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics This means that a single word can have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity Discourse structure speaker beliefs and intentions and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturespecific This is because each culture has its own rules about what is acceptable in various situations In some cultures its acceptable to keep eye contact In other cultures its rude There are a variety of views of pragmatics and lots of research is being done in this field There are many different areas of research including computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics a linguistic field is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics like syntax semantics and the philosophy of language In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics These areas are characterized by a broad range of research which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse language and meaning In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics Some philosophers have suggested that it isnt eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not welldefined and that theyre the same thing The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair and scholars arguing that certain phenomena are a part of semantics or pragmatics Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning it is semantics Others contend that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics 프라그마틱 게임 have adopted an alternative approach They argue that the truthconditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid This method is often referred to as farside pragmatics Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and farside approaches attempting to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speakers beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation For example Champollion et al 2019 combine an Gricean gametheoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen 2020 The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures