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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context language and meaning It addresses issues such as What do people mean by the words they use Its a philosophy of practical and sensible action It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and communicate with each other It is often seen as a component of language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is As a research field pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics however it also has an impact on research in other fields like speechlanguage pathology psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology There are many different views on pragmatics and they have contributed to its growth and development One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach which is based primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speakers knowledge about the listeners understanding Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural Figure 9AC demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research however their rankings differ by database This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines This makes it difficult to classify the top authors of pragmatics by the number of publications they have It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics For example Bambinis contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory Grice Saul and Kasper are the most influential authors of pragmatics What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth or reference or grammar It examines how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts This includes ambiguity and indexicality It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be a communication 무료슬롯체험 is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a wellknown and established one there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology Syntax semantics etc Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories of how languages function This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isnt an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said This sort of approach is referred to as farside pragmatics Some scholars however have argued that this study ought to be considered an independent discipline because it studies how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use of language This is called nearside pragmatics Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach Both papers address the notions of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to the meaning of a language It studies the way that the human language is utilized in social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians Over the years many theories of pragmatism have been proposed Some such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intention of a speaker Relevance Theory for example focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines including cognitive science and philosophy There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics Some philosophers like Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context Other philosophers including Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics They distinguish between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics focuses on the words spoken while farside pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something They believe that a portion of the pragmatics in an utterance is already determined by semantics while other pragmatics is defined by the processes of inference One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent This means that the same utterance could have different meanings in different contexts based on things such as ambiguity and indexicality The structure of the conversation the beliefs of the speaker and intentions and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturespecific It is because every culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations For instance it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures There are many different perspectives of pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field Some of the main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics intercultural and crosslinguistic pragmatics pragmatics that are experimental and clinical How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language in a context It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas such as semantics syntax and philosophy of language In recent times the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse language and meaning In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the major questions is whether its possible to give a precise and systematic account of the interface between semantics and pragmatics Some philosophers have suggested that it is not eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the same thing It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two views and argue that certain events fall under either pragmatics or semantics For instance some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truthconditional meaning then it is semantics whereas others believe that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view arguing that the truthconditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid This method is often referred to as farside pragmatics Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and farside approaches in an effort to comprehend the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speakers intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation For example Champollion et al The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures