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Evolution Explained The most fundamental idea is that living things change as they age These changes could help the organism survive or reproduce or be better adapted to its environment Scientists have employed genetics a brand new science to explain how evolution occurs They also have used the science of physics to determine how much energy is required for these changes Natural Selection In order for evolution to occur for organisms to be capable of reproducing and passing on their genetic traits to the next generation This is known as natural selection often called survival of the most fittest However the term fittest could be misleading because it implies that only the strongest or fastest organisms survive and reproduce In reality the most adapted organisms are those that can best cope with the conditions in which they live Environment conditions can change quickly and if a population isnt welladapted to the environment it will not be able to endure which could result in an increasing population or disappearing Natural selection is the primary component in evolutionary change This occurs when advantageous traits become more common as time passes in a population which leads to the development of new species This process is primarily driven by genetic variations that are heritable to organisms which are a result of mutations and sexual reproduction Any element in the environment that favors or disfavors certain traits can act as an agent of selective selection These forces could be physical such as temperature or biological for instance predators Over 에볼루션게이밍 populations exposed to different selective agents may evolve so differently that they are no longer able to breed with each other and are regarded as distinct species Natural selection is a simple concept however it isnt always easy to grasp Uncertainties about the process are common even among educators and scientists Surveys have revealed an unsubstantial connection between students understanding of evolution and their acceptance of the theory For instance Brandons narrow definition of selection refers only to differential reproduction and does not encompass replication or inheritance But a number of authors including Havstad 2011 have suggested that a broad notion of selection that captures the entire cycle of Darwins process is adequate to explain both adaptation and speciation There are instances when the proportion of a trait increases within the population but not in the rate of reproduction These situations might not be categorized as a narrow definition of natural selection but they could still be in line with Lewontins conditions for a mechanism like this to operate For instance parents with a particular trait may produce more offspring than those who do not have it Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the difference in the sequences of genes of members of a particular species It is this variation that enables natural selection one of the primary forces that drive evolution Variation can result from changes or the normal process through which DNA is rearranged in cell division genetic Recombination Different gene variants could result in different traits such as eye colour fur type colour of eyes or the ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions If a trait is characterized by an advantage it is more likely to be passed down to the next generation This is referred to as a selective advantage A specific type of heritable change is phenotypic plasticity which allows individuals to change their appearance and behaviour in response to environmental or stress These modifications can help them thrive in a different environment or make the most of an opportunity For instance they might develop longer fur to shield themselves from the cold or change color to blend in with a particular surface These phenotypic changes do not alter the genotype and therefore cannot be considered to be a factor in the evolution Heritable variation is essential for evolution because it enables adapting to changing environments Natural selection can also be triggered by heritable variation as it increases the chance that individuals with characteristics that favor the particular environment will replace those who do not In certain instances however the rate of gene transmission to the next generation may not be fast enough for natural evolution to keep pace with Many harmful traits such as genetic disease persist in populations despite their negative consequences This is due to the phenomenon of reduced penetrance which implies that some individuals with the diseaseassociated gene variant dont show any signs or symptoms of the condition Other causes are interactions between genes and environments and nongenetic influences like diet lifestyle and exposure to chemicals To better understand why harmful traits are not removed through natural selection we need to understand how genetic variation influences evolution Recent studies have revealed that genomewide association analyses that focus on common variations do not provide the complete picture of susceptibility to disease and that rare variants account for a significant portion of heritability Further studies using sequencing are required to catalogue rare variants across the globe and to determine their impact on health including the impact of interactions between genes and environments Environmental Changes Natural selection influences evolution the environment affects species by altering the conditions within which they live This concept is illustrated by the famous tale of the peppered mops The whitebodied mops that were prevalent in urban areas where coal smoke had blackened tree barks were easy prey for predators while their darkerbodied cousins thrived under these new circumstances However the opposite is also the case environmental changes can alter species capacity to adapt to the changes they encounter The human activities cause global environmental change and their impacts are irreversible These changes are affecting biodiversity and ecosystem function Additionally they pose serious health hazards to humanity especially in lowincome countries as a result of polluted water air soil and food As an example an example the growing use of coal by developing countries such as India contributes to climate change and raises levels of pollution in the air which can threaten the life expectancy of humans Furthermore human populations are consuming the planets scarce resources at an everincreasing rate This increases the chance that many people will be suffering from nutritional deficiencies and lack of access to clean drinking water The impact of humandriven changes in the environment on evolutionary outcomes is complex Microevolutionary changes will likely alter the landscape of fitness for an organism These changes may also change the relationship between the phenotype and its environmental context Nomoto and al have demonstrated for example that environmental cues such as climate and competition can alter the characteristics of a plant and alter its selection away from its historic optimal match It is important to understand the ways in which these changes are influencing the microevolutionary responses of today and how we can use this information to predict the fates of natural populations during the Anthropocene This is essential since the changes in the environment triggered by humans have direct implications for conservation efforts as well as for our health and survival This is why it is vital to continue research on the relationship between humandriven environmental change and evolutionary processes on an international level The Big Bang There are a myriad of theories regarding the universes origin and expansion But none of them are as wellknown and accepted as the Big Bang theory which has become a commonplace in the science classroom The theory explains a wide variety of observed phenomena including the number of light elements the cosmic microwave background radiation and the massive structure of the Universe The Big Bang Theory is a simple explanation of the way in which the universe was created 138 billions years ago as a dense and extremely hot cauldron Since then it has expanded This expansion has created everything that exists today including the Earth and all its inhabitants This theory is widely supported by a combination of evidence which includes the fact that the universe appears flat to us the kinetic energy and thermal energy of the particles that make up it the temperature variations in the cosmic microwave background radiation and the proportions of heavy and light elements in the Universe Furthermore the Big Bang theory also fits well with the data gathered by astronomical observatories and telescopes and particle accelerators as well as highenergy states In the beginning of the 20th century the Big Bang was a minority opinion among scientists Fred Hoyle publicly criticized it in 1949 After World War II observations began to emerge that tilted scales in the direction of the Big Bang In 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation an omnidirectional sign in the microwave band that is the result of the expansion of the Universe over time The discovery of the ionized radioactivity with an apparent spectrum that is in line with a blackbody which is approximately 2725 K was a major turning point for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in its favor against the prevailing Steady state model The Big Bang is an important element of The Big Bang Theory a popular television series In the show Sheldon and Leonard use this theory to explain various phenomena and observations including their experiment on how peanut butter and jelly get mixed together