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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy Pragmatism is a philosophy that is based on the experience and context It might not have an explicit set of fundamental principles or a cohesive ethical framework This can lead to the loss of idealistic goals and a shift in direction Contrary to deflationary theories pragmatic theories do not deny the notion that statements are related to actual states of affairs They simply explain the role that truth plays in practical activities Definition Pragmatic is a term that is used to describe people or things who are practical logical and sensible It is often contrasted with idealistic which refers to an individual or idea that is based on ideals or high principles A person who is pragmatic looks at the real world conditions and circumstances when making decisions focusing on what is realistically accomplished rather than trying to achieve the best theoretical course of action Pragmatism is an emerging philosophical movement that focuses on the importance of practical consequences in the determination of value truth or value It is a third option to the dominant analytic and continental traditions of philosophy It was established by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James with Josiah Royce as its founders pragmatism evolved into two streams of thought one tending towards relativism the other towards realist thought One of the most important issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth Many pragmatists acknowledge that truth is a valuable concept however they disagree on the definition or how it works in the real world One approach influenced heavily by Peirce James concentrates on how people resolve problems make assertions and gives priority to the speechacts and justification projects that people use to determine if something is true One approach influenced Rortys followers concentrates more on the basic functions of truth including its ability to generalize commend and caution and is less focused on a complicated theory of truth 프라그마틱 게임 of this neopragmatic view of truth is that it flirts with relativism since the notion of truth is a concept with such a long and longstanding history that it appears unlikely that it could be reduced to the common purposes that pragmatists give it The second problem is that pragmatism seems to be a method that rejects the existence of truth at the very least in its metaphysical sense This is evident in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who is owed a debt to Peirce and James are generally absent from metaphysicsrelated questions while Deweys extensive writings have just one reference to the question of truth Purpose The goal of pragmatism is to provide an alternative to analytic and Continental traditions of philosophy Charles Sanders Peirce William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce 18601916 were the first to initiate its first generation These pragmatists from the classical period focused on theorizing inquiry about meaning meaning and the nature of truth Their influence was felt through many influential American thinkers including John Dewey 18591952 who applied these theories to education as well as other aspects of social improvement and Jane Addams 18601935 who created social work In recent years a new generation has given pragmatism an expanded debate platform A lot of these neopragmatists are not classical pragmatists but they consider themselves part of the same tradition Robert Brandom is their main model He focuses his work on semantics and philosophy of language but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce James and others The neopragmatists have a different understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called truthfunctionality which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice Neopragmatists concentrate on the concept of ideal warranted assertion which states that an idea is true if a claim made about it can be justified in a particular way to a particular audience This view is not without its challenges It is often criticized as being used to justify illogical and silly concepts One example is the gremlin idea that is a truly useful concept that works in practice but it is totally unsubstantiated and most likely absurd This is not an insurmountable issue however it does highlight one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism It can be used to justify nearly anything and this includes a myriad of absurd theories Significance When making decisions the term practical refers to taking into account the actual world and its conditions It can be used to refer to a philosophical view that stresses practical implications in the determining of truth meaning or value William James 18421910 first used the term pragmatism to describe this view in a lecture at the University of California Berkeley James was adamant that the word had been coined by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce 18391914 but the pragmatist outlook quickly earned a name of its own The pragmatists resisted the stark dichotomies in analytic philosophy such as fact and value thought and experience mind and body synthetic and analytic and the list goes on They also rejected the notion that truth was something fixed or objective and instead viewed it as a continuously evolving sociallydetermined concept James utilized these themes to study the truth of religion A subsequent generation applied the pragmatist approach to politics education and other facets of social development under the influence of John Dewey 18591952 In recent years Neopragmatists have sought to place pragmatism within a wider Western philosophical context They have traced the affinities between Peirces views and those of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the emergence of the science of evolution theory They also sought to clarify the role of truth in an original a priori epistemology and to develop a metaphilosophy that is pragmatic that includes views on language meaning and the nature and origin of knowledge Nevertheless pragmatism has continued to develop and the epistemology of a posteriori that was developed is considered an important departure from more traditional methods The pragmatic theory has been criticized for a long time but in recent years it has received more attention They include the notion that pragmatism collapses when applied to moral questions and its assertion that what is effective is little more than a form of relativism with a lesspolished appearance Methods The epistemological method of Peirce included a practical explanation He viewed it as a means of undermining spurious metaphysical ideas like the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation Cartesian epistemology that relies on certaintyseeking strategies and Kants notion of a thing in itself Simson 2010 The Pragmatic Maxim according to many modern pragmatists is the most reliable thing one can hope for from a theory about truth They tend to avoid false theories of truth that require verification to be valid Instead they advocate an alternative method which they refer to as pragmatic explication This is about explaining how a concept can be used in real life and identifying criteria that must be met in order to accept the concept as truthful It is important to remember that this approach could be viewed as a type of relativism and is often criticised for doing so However it is less extreme than deflationist alternatives and therefore is a good way to get around some of the issues with relativist theories of truth In the wake of this a variety of liberatory philosophical initiatives that are related to feminism ecophilosophy Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy look for guidance in the pragmatist tradition Moreover many philosophers of the analytic tradition such as Quine have embraced pragmatism with a degree of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not manage While pragmatism has a rich legacy it is important to recognize that there are fundamental flaws with the philosophy In particular the pragmatism does not provide an accurate test of truth and it fails when applied to moral issues Quine Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticised the philosophy Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom are among the philosophers who have revived it from obscureness While these philosophers are not traditional pragmatists they have a lot in common with the philosophy of pragmatism and draw inspiration from the work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein in their writings The works of these philosophers are recommended to anyone interested in this philosophical movement