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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy Pragmatism emphasizes context and experience It might not have a clear set of foundational principles or a cohesive ethical framework This can result in a lack of idealistic aspirations or transformational change Unlike deflationary theories of truth the pragmatic theories of truth dont reject the idea that statements are related to the state of affairs They simply explain the role that truth plays in our daily activities Definition Pragmatic is a term used to describe things or people that are practical logical and sensible It is often used to differentiate between idealistic which refers to an idea or person that is based on ideals or principles of high quality A person who is pragmatic considers the realworld conditions and circumstances when making decisions focusing on what can be realistically accomplished rather than trying to achieve the best theoretical course of action Pragmatism a new philosophical movement stresses the importance that practical consequences are crucial in determining the meaning truth or value It is a third option to the dominant continental and analytic philosophical traditions It was established by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James with Josiah Royce as its founding fathers pragmatism grew into two distinct streams one of which is akin to relativism and the second toward the idea of realism The nature of truth is an important issue in pragmatism Many pragmatists acknowledge that truth is a valuable concept but they differ on the definition or how it works in the actual world 프라그마틱 체험 that is that is influenced by Peirce and James concentrates on the ways people tackle problems and make assertions and prioritizes the speechact and justification processes of languageusers in determining if something is true Another approach that is influenced by Rorty and his followers concentrates on the relatively mundane functions of truthhow it is used to generalize admonish and avert danger It is also less concerned with a fullfledged theory of truth The main flaw of this neopragmatic method of determining truth is that it stray with relativism as the notion of truth is a concept with been around for so long and has such a extensive history that it is unlikely that it can be reduced to the common uses to which pragmatists assign it The second problem is that pragmatism appears to be a way of thinking that does not believe in the existence of truth at a minimum in its substantial metaphysical form This is evident in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom who has a debt to Peirce and James are generally in silence on metaphysical questions and Deweys lengthy writings have only one reference to the issue of truth Purpose The purpose of pragmatism was to provide an alternative to the analytic and Continental styles of philosophy The first generation was started by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James along as well as their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce 18551916 These classical pragmatists focused on the theory of inquiry as well as the nature of truth Their influence was felt by a number of influential American thinkers including John Dewey 18591952 who applied these theories to education and other aspects of social development and Jane Addams 18601935 who established social work In recent years the new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space to discuss A lot of these neopragmatists are not classical pragmatists but they believe that they belong to the same tradition Robert Brandom is their main persona He focuses his work on the philosophy and semantics of language but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce James and others One of the major distinctions between the classical pragmatists and neopragmatists is their understanding of what it means for an idea to be true The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called truthfunctionality which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice Neopragmatists focus instead on the concept of ideal justified assertibility which declares that an idea is truly true if it is justifiable to a certain audience in a certain manner There are however a few problems with this view A common criticism is that it can be used to support all kinds of absurd and illogical ideas An example of this is the gremlin theory it is a useful idea it works in the real world but it is utterly unfounded and probably nonsense This isnt a huge problem but it does highlight one of the biggest flaws in pragmatism that it can be used to justify almost everything which includes a myriad of absurd theories Significance When making decisions the term practical refers to considering the real world and its circumstances It could be a reference to the philosophical view that stresses practical considerations in the determining of truth meaning or value The term pragmatism was first used to describe this viewpoint about a century ago when William James 18421910 pressed into service in a speech at the University of California Berkeley James swore he coined the term along with his mentor and colleague Charles Sanders Peirce but the pragmatist perspective soon gained its own reputation The pragmatists opposed the sharp dichotomies of analytic philosophy such as mind and body thought and experience and analytic and synthesthetic They also rejected the idea that truth was something that was fixed or objective instead treating it as a continuously evolving sociallydetermined notion Classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry meaning and the nature of truth but James put these themes to work in examining truth in religion A second generation turned the pragmatist approach to politics education and other facets of social improvement under the great influence of John Dewey 18591952 The neopragmatists from recent times have attempted to place pragmatism within a broader Western philosophical context tracing the affinities of Peirces theories with Kant and other idealists from the 19th century and the new science of evolutionary theory They also sought to clarify truths role in an original epistemology of a priori and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes views of the meaning of language as well as the nature and origin of knowledge Despite this pragmatism continues to evolve and the a posteriori method that it has developed is an important departure from conventional approaches The pragmatic theory has been criticized for centuries but in recent years it has received more attention One of them is the notion that pragmatism is ineffective when applied to moral issues and that its claim what works is nothing more than relativism that has an unpolished appearance Methods The epistemological method of Peirce included a practical explanation He saw it as a way of destroying false metaphysical notions such as the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation Cartesian epistemology that relies on certaintyseeking strategies and Kants notion of a thing in itself Simson 2010 The Pragmatic Maxim according to many modern pragmatists is the most accurate thing you can hope for from a theory about truth They generally avoid the deflationist theories of truth that require verification in order to be valid Instead they advocate an alternative method which they call pragmatic explication This is the process of explaining the way in which a concept is utilized in practice and identifying the requirements to be met in order to recognize that concept as authentic This approach is often criticized as a form of relativism However it is less extreme than deflationist alternatives and therefore is a good method of overcoming some of the problems with relativist theories of truth As a result a variety of philosophical liberation projects such as those associated with ecological feminism Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy are currently looking to the pragmatist tradition for direction Furthermore many philosophers of the analytic tradition such as Quine have adopted pragmatism with a level of enthusiasm that Dewey himself was unable to attain It is crucial to realize that pragmatism though rich in the past has some serious flaws In particular pragmatism fails to provide any valid test of truth and it fails when applied to moral issues Quine Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticized the philosophy Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom are among the philosophers who have revived it from obscurity Although these philosophers arent classical pragmatists they do contribute significantly to the pragmatism philosophy and draw upon the work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein in their writings Their writings are worth reading for anyone interested in this philosophical movement