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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the terms they use Its a philosophy of practical and sensible action Its in opposition to idealism which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users get meaning from and with each with each other It is often thought of as a component of language but it is different from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to communicate not what the meaning is As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as psychology speechlanguage pathology sociolinguistics and anthropology There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline One is the Gricean pragmatics approach which is based primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speakers knowledge of the listeners understanding Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated Research in pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics including L2 pragmatic comprehension production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political speech discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication 프라그마틱 플레이 studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database as shown in Figure 9AC The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research yet their positions differ based on the database This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have published However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics For example Bambinis contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice Saul and Kasper What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference or grammar It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts This includes ambiguity and indexicality It also examines the strategies that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be communicative It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a wellknown and longestablished one however there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines For example some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic issue Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguisticsrelated branch or as a component of philosophy of language Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics along with phonology syntax semantics etc Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages function There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates Some scholars have argued for instance that pragmatics isnt a subject by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said This sort of approach is referred to as farside pragmatics Some scholars however have argued that this research should be considered as an academic discipline because it studies how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and use of language This is referred to as nearside pragmatics 슬롯 of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers written by Recanati and Bach Both papers deal with the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they shape the overall meaning of an expression What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time Some like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of the speaker Others such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners Certain approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines such as cognitive science and philosophy There are different opinions about the line between pragmatics and semantics Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not refer to whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics They distinguish between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics is concerned with what is said whereas farside is focused on the logical implications of a statement They claim that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure speaker intentions and beliefs and expectations of the listener Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culturally specific This is due to different cultures having different rules for what is acceptable to say in different situations For 프라그마틱 it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field The main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics theoretical and experimental pragmatics intercultural and crosslinguistic pragmatics pragmatics that are experimental and clinical What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics a linguistic field is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the spoken word and more on what the speaker is saying Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas such as syntax semantics and philosophy of language In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics These areas are distinguished by a variety of research which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interplay between discourse language and meaning One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive systematic view of the pragmaticssemantics interface Some philosophers have suggested it isnt eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they are the same thing It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views arguing that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics For instance some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truthconditional meaning then it is semantics On the other hand others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance in arguing that the truthconditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways in which the word can be interpreted and that all of these interpretations are valid This is often described as farside pragmatics Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side methods It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speakers speech can offer by illustrating how the speakers beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation For example Champollion et al 2019 combine an Gricean gametheoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen 2020 This model predicts that the listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when in comparison to other possible implicatures