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Study of Chinese Learners Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs awareness and capacity to draw on relational affordances and learnerinternal elements were important Researchers from TS ZL for instance were able to cite their relationship with their local professor as a major factor in their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor see examples 2 This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020 It focuses on the most important practical issues including Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion DCT is widely used in research that is based on pragmatic principles It has numerous advantages but also some disadvantages For instance the DCT is unable to account for cultural and personal differences in communication The DCT can also be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations As a result it should be analyzed carefully prior to using it for research or assessment purposes Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable instrument to study the connection between prosody information structure and nonnative speakers The ability to manipulate social variables relevant to the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a plus This ability can aid researchers to study the role played by prosody in communication across cultural contexts which is a major issue in crosscultural pragmatics In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the primary instruments for analyzing learners communication behaviors It can be used to study various issues including politeness turntaking and lexical choices It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners their speech A recent study utilized an DCT to assess EFL students refusal skills Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from and then asked to choose the most appropriate response The authors discovered that the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal like a questionnaire or video recordings However the researchers warned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other methods for collecting data DCTs can be designed using specific requirements for linguistics such as the form and content These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test designers They arent always exact and could be misleading in describing how ELF learners respond to requests in realworld interactions This issue calls for more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence In a recent study DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and traditionally indirect requests and utilized less hints than email data Metapragmatic Questionnaires MQs This study examined Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean It employed various tools for experimentation including Discourse Completion Tasks metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews Participants were 46 CLKs of upper intermediate level who answered DCTs MQs and RIs They were also asked to provide reflections on their opinions and their refusals to participate in RIs The results showed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors their personalities and multilingual identities their current life histories and their relationships These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment The MQ data were analysed to determine the participants pragmatic choices The data were classified according to Ishiharas 2010 definition of pragmatic resistance Then we compared their selections with their linguistic performance using DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of resistance to pragmatics Additionally the participants were asked to explain their decision to use pragmatic language in a particular situation The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and Ztests The CLKs were found to use euphemistic words like sorry or thank you This could be due to their lack of experience with the target languages leading to a lack of understanding of korean pragmatic norms The results revealed that CLKs preferences for converging to L1 norms or departing from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations For example in Situation 3 and 12 the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they favored converging to L1 norms The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their practical resistance to each DCT situation The RIs were conducted in a onetoone manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs The RIs were recorded and transcribed then coded by two coders from different companies Coding was an iterative process where the coders discussed and read each transcript The coding results are then compared with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior Refusal Interviews One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners are hesitant to adhere to pragmatic norms that native speakers use A recent study attempted to answer this question employing a range of experimental tools including DCTs MQs DCTs and RIs Participants included 44 CLKs and 46 CNSs from five Korean Universities They were required to complete the DCTs in their native language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2 They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT scenario The results showed that on average the CLKs rejected nativespeaker pragmatic norms in more than 40 of their answers They did this despite the fact that they were able to produce patterns that were similar to native speakers They were also aware of their pragmatism They attributed their decision to learnerinternal factors like their personality and multilingual identities They also mentioned external factors such as relational affordances For instance they discussed how their relationships with professors led to a more relaxed performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural standards of their university However the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and consequences that they might face if they flouted their local social norms They were concerned that their native interlocutors might perceive them as foreigners and think they were incompetent similar website was similar to the one expressed by Brown 2013 and Ishihara 2009 These findings suggest that nativespeakers pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in different cultural contexts and specific situations This will allow them to better know how different cultures may impact the pragmatic behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond This will also aid educators improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics Seukhoon Paul Choi principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul is a geopolitical risks consultancy Case Studies The case study method is a method that focuses on deep participatory investigations to investigate a specific topic It is a method that utilizes numerous sources of data to support the findings including interviews or observations documents and artifacts This type of investigation is useful when analyzing complicated or unique subjects which are difficult to assess using other methods In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the goals of the study This will allow you to identify which aspects of the topic should be studied and which ones can be skipped It is also beneficial to study the literature that is relevant to the subject to gain a greater knowledge of the subject and place the case study within a larger theoretical context This study was based on an open source platform that is the KMMLU leaderboard 50 and its specific benchmarks for Korea HyperCLOVA X and LDCCSolar figure 1 below The results of this experiment revealed that L2 Korean learners were particularly vulnerable to the influence of native models They were more likely to select incorrect answers that were literal interpretations of the prompts deviating from accurate pragmatic inference They also showed a strong tendency of adding their own words or garbage to their responses This also lowered the quality of their answers Furthermore the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had achieved level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK at the end of their second or third year of university and were aiming for level 6 in their next attempt They were asked to respond to questions about their WTCSPCC as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their interlocutors and asked to select one of the strategies listed below to use when making a demand They were then asked to provide the reasons behind their decision Most of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personalities For instance TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to and she therefore did not want to inquire about the wellbeing of her friend with the burden of a job despite her belief that native Koreans would do this