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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between language and context It addresses questions such as What do people really mean when they speak in terms Its a philosophy of practical and reasonable action It differs from idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances What is Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users find meaning from and each with each other 무료 프라그마틱 is typically thought of as a component of language although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is As a field of study pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades It is a language academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology sociolinguistics and anthropology There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speakers understanding of the listeners comprehension The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods that range from experimental to sociocultural Figure 9AC demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is utilized The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research yet their rankings differ by database This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines This makes it difficult to classify the top authors of pragmatics by their publications only It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics For example Bambinis contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice Saul and Kasper What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language use rather than on reference truth or grammar It studies the ways that an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate While the distinction is widely known it isnt always clear how they should be drawn For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or an aspect of philosophy of language Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and that it should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics alongside syntax phonology semantics and so on Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy since it examines how our notions of the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics Some scholars have suggested for example that pragmatics isnt an academic discipline by itself because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said This sort of approach is known as farside pragmatics Some scholars have argued that this field should be considered an academic discipline since it studies how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and use language This is called nearside pragmatism The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater detail Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians Over the years many different theories of pragmatism have been developed Some such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers Others like Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines including cognitive science and philosophy There are also divergent views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics Certain philosophers such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics He asserts semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics They distinguish between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics concerns the content of what is said while farside focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase They argue that a portion of the pragmatics in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality Discourse structure beliefs of the speaker and intentions as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations In certain cultures its polite to make eye contact In other cultures its rude There are a variety of views of pragmatics and a great deal of research is conducted in this field There are many different areas of study including pragmatics that are computational and formal as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism intercultural and cross pragmatics of language as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is saying Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians The topic of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas like syntax semantics and the philosophy of language In recent times the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics These areas are characterized by a variety of research which focuses on issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse language and meaning One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an exhaustive systematic view of the semanticspragmatics interface Some philosophers have argued that it isnt eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the identical It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two perspectives arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics For example some scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truthconditional meaning then it is semantics whereas others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different stance arguing that the truthconditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid This is commonly referred to as farside pragmatics Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far side approaches It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speakers utterance by modeling the way in which the speakers beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation For example Champollion et al The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when compared to other plausible implicatures