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What is Pragmatics Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words Its a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions It is in contrast to idealism the notion that you should always stick to your beliefs What is Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users communicate and interact with each and with each other It is often viewed as a component of language but it differs from semantics in that it concentrates on what the user is trying to communicate not on what the actual meaning is As a research area pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speechlanguage pathology psychology sociolinguistics and Anthropology There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics and they have contributed to its growth and development For example one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speakers understanding of the listeners The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural Figure 9AC illustrates that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research however their positions differ based on the database This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics based on their publications only It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics For example Bambinis contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory Grice Saul and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics What is Free Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference truth or grammar It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts This includes ambiguity and indexicality It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine which phrases have a message It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a wellknown and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics whereas other insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with phonology syntax semantics etc Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories of how languages work There are a few key issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have been the source of the debate Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isnt a discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said This kind of approach is known as farside pragmatics Others however have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors This is called nearside pragmatics The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment which are significant pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics The study of pragmatics focuses on how the context affects the meaning of linguistics It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians Over the years many different theories of pragmatism have been developed Some such as Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines such as philosophy and cognitive science There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics Certain philosophers such as Morris believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not refer to whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics They differentiate between nearside and farside pragmatics Nearside pragmatics concerns the content of what is said while farside focuses on the logical implications of saying something They believe that semantics determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a contextdependent phenomenon This means that the same utterance could have different meanings in different contexts depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity The structure of the conversation the beliefs of the speaker and intentions as well expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word 프라그마틱 플레이 of pragmatics is its particularity in culture This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations In certain cultures its considered polite to keep eye contact In other cultures its rude There are a variety of views of pragmatics and lots of research is conducted in this field There are many different areas of research including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatism intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics and clinical and experimentative pragmatics How is free Pragmatics similar to explanation Pragmatics The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context It analyzes how the speakers intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas like syntax semantics and the philosophy of language In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas addressing topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous systematic account of the semanticspragmatics interface Some philosophers have argued that it is not eg Morris 1938 Kaplan 1989 Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not welldefined and that they are the same thing The debate over these positions is often a tussle with scholars arguing that particular phenomena fall under the rubric of either pragmatics or semantics For instance some scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truthconditional meaning then it is semantics while others argue that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different approach arguing that the truthconditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid This is sometimes described as farside pragmatics Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speakers utterance by illustrating how the speakers beliefs as well as intentions contribute to the interpretation For example Champollion et al 2019 combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen 2020 This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any and this is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications